We, the enlightened cosmopolitan humans of the 21st century, look at this as a human right enshrined in international law. After all Article 13(2) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights says: "Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country."
But the UDHR was only signed in 1948. So does that mean that the "right to leave" is some modern newfangled right that bureaucrats and politicians pulled out of their hats at the end of World War II?
Maybe.
In a 1981 article called "Citizenship and the Right to Leave" a fellow named Frederick G. Whelan looked at where this right originated. Strangely enough he found it (or something that closely resembled it) in the very first version of the Magna Carta - the one King John of England assented to in 1215.
"Liceat unicuique decetero exire de regno nostro, et redire, salvo et secure, per terram et per aquam, salva fide nostra, nisi tempore gwerre per aliquod breve tempus, propter communem utilitatem regni, exceptis imprisonatis et utlagatis secundum legem regni, et gente de terra contra nos gwerrina, et mercatoribus, de quibus fiat sicut predictum est."
"It shall be lawful in future for any one, keeping loyalty to the Crown, to leave our kingdom and to return safely and securely, by land and by water. This is except in time of war, when men may go, only in the public interest, for some short period. (This excludes, always, those imprisoned or outlawed in accordance with the law of the realm, natives of any country at war with us, and merchants, who shall be treated as previously stated.)"
But, as Whelan explained, it disappeared from all further versions including the final one issued by Henry III. He, in fact, "required any subject leaving the country to obtain a license, and other monarchs down to James I regularly issued prohibitions on the exit of important classes of subjects (e.g., clerics, noblemen, soldiers, skilled artisans). Otherwise the restrictions were relaxed in practice, and it came to be understood that anyone could leave unless specifically forbidden, so that travel and emigration were permitted to English subjects as a matter of policy. But the legal authority of the government to forbid this was not doubted, nor did the exercise of this privilege obliterate the allegiance which the emigrant continued to owe to the king."
Roughly 700 years later the "right to leave" gets put on the post-WW II agenda and included as a fundamental right in the UDHR. How did that happen?
Whelan wasn't sure how it came about but he did see Articles 13(2) and 15(2) as something new and radical:
"A right of emigration as a human right is something new in world politics, a claim to which the laws and practice of many states, past and present, have been opposed. It is not only new; it is a radical claim in the fundamental challenge which it at least implicitly poses to the prevailing conception of the authority of the sovereign state and to the world order based on sovereign states, which is legitimized in traditional international law."
"This right in particular, however, by its content, seems to pose a more specific challenge, in that it entirely releases individuals from binding ties of allegiance to their countries, conferring on them full liberty to abandon their nationality at will and assume a new civic identity on a voluntaristic basis. This claim, now put forward as a human right, raises important and basic questions about the nature of a political society and the individual's place within it."
Yes, and for these reasons and many many others we need to take emigration as seriously as immigration.
4 comments:
The argument against free emigration tends to be something as follows. The post world war 2 social welfare system is as integral part of Human Rights as is the UN Declaration. If unlimited emigration is allowed all countries will compete for the richest and smartest individuals and give less interest to the poor who are not nearly as geographically or economically mobile or something like that.
I am not privy to the motivations of the authors of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (it's not something I've ever investigated, however casually!). But, if I imagine being around an international diplomatic table at that point in time, I think I'd be very conscious of the fact that during the second world war, several countries restricted the travel rights of their citizens and residents, and these restrictions contributed to the genocide that we now call the Holocaust.
Additionally, if I were a western European diplomat, or a diplomat from any non-communist country in 1948, I think I'd be concerned with the travel restrictions in Eastern-bloc countries that were no doubt solidifying at that time. So it seems like a pretty obvious thing to include in this visionary and aspirational document.
However, I'd say the more interesting question now is how blatantly the signatories of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights have ignored this and many other provisions in the document. That makes me say "harumph" and feel very cranky about the rule of law.
@Emily-Jane, I think that is dead on. They looked behind them and saw the Holocaust and all the displaced persons; before them they saw countries that refused to allow their citizens to emigrate. There was fight between the USSR and other countries over allowing Soviet citizens to join their spouses and families who lived abroad.
Makes me grumpy too. What I find even more startling than the overt non-compliance with these human right declarations is how countries (even liberal democracies) try to wiggle out of their responsibilities when it's not in their interests to comply. I've looked at some cases and countries that I thought had great human rights records and seen that they have done some really nasty things to their own citizens and migrants too.
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